India has a road network of over 5,472,144 kilometres (3,400,233 mi)
as on 31 March 2015, the second largest road network
in the world. At 1.66 km of roads per square kilometre of land, the
quantitative density of India's road network is higher than that of
Japan (0.91) and the United States (0.67), and far higher than that of
China (0.46), Brazil (0.18) or Russia (0.08). However, qualitatively
India's roads are a mix of modern highways and narrow, unpaved roads,
and are being improved.
According to the World Bank, 47.3% of all Indian roads are paved, with
34% of two-lane roads and 1% of four-lane roads being paved
respectively.
Road transport is vital to India's economy. It enables the country's
transportation sector to contribute 4.7 percent towards India’s gross
domestic product, in comparison to railways that contributed 1 percent,
in 2009–2010. Road transport has gained its importance over the years
despite significant barriers and inefficiencies in inter-state freight
and passenger movement compared to railways and air. The government of
India considers road network as critical to the country's development,
social integration and security needs of the country. India's road
network carries over 65 percent of its freight and about 85 percent of
passenger traffic.
Expressways
make up approximately 1,208 km (751 mi) of India's road network, as of
2013. These high-speed roads are four-lane or six-lane, predominantly
access controlled. The 165 kilometer Yamuna Expressway, India's longest
six-laned controlled-access opened on 9 August 2012.
While the start of several expressway projects such as the Ganga Expressway have been delayed for 3 or more years, because of litigation and bureaucratic procedures, India expects another 3,530 kilometres of expressways to come up by 2014 from the projects under construction. The government has drawn up a target to lay 18,637 kilometre network of brand new expressways by 2022. Most of the existing expressways in India are toll roads.
The main highways running through the length and breadth of the
country connecting major ports, state capitals, large industrial and
tourist centres, etc. National Highways in India are designated as NH
followed by the highway number. Indian national highways are further
classified based on the width of carriageway of the highway. As of March
2012, India had completed and placed in use the following newly built
highways:
State Governments have the authority and responsibility to build road
networks and state highways. Independent of the NHDP program, state
governments have been implementing a number of state highway projects
since 2000. By 2010, state highway projects worth $1.7 billion had been
completed, and an additional $11.4 billion worth of projects were under
implementation.
The State Highways provide linkages with the National Highways,
district headquarters, important towns, tourist centers and minor ports
and carry the traffic along major centers within the state. Their total
length is about 137,712 km.
The rural roads in India forms a substantial portion of the Indian
road network. These roads are in poor shape, affecting the rural
population's quality of life and Indian farmer's ability to transfer
produce to market post-harvest. Over 30 percent of Indian farmer's
harvest spoils post-harvest because of the poor infrastructure. Many
rural roads are of poor quality, potholed, and unable to withstand the
loads of heavy farm equipment. These roads are also far from all season,
good quality 2-lane or 4-lane highways, making economic resource flow
slow, and logistical costs between different parts of India one of the
highest in the world. For the development of these rural roads, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(or "Prime Minister Rural Roads Scheme"), was launched in December 2000
by the Indian government to provide connectivity to unconnected rural
habitations. The scheme envisions that these roads will be constructed
and maintained by the village panchayats.
Roads
Expressways
While the start of several expressway projects such as the Ganga Expressway have been delayed for 3 or more years, because of litigation and bureaucratic procedures, India expects another 3,530 kilometres of expressways to come up by 2014 from the projects under construction. The government has drawn up a target to lay 18,637 kilometre network of brand new expressways by 2022. Most of the existing expressways in India are toll roads.
National Highways
- 5,846 kilometers of its 4-lane Golden Quadrilateral highway,
- 6,310 kilometres of its 4-lane North–South and East–West Corridor highway,
- 353 kilometres of 4-lane port connectivity highways,
- 4,553 kilometres of 4-lane inter-capital highways,
- 961 kilometres of 4-lane bypass and other national highways.
State Highways
Rural Roads
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